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Molarity
Preparing a solution
Dilution
Solubility rules
Complete & Net Ionic Equations
Colligative properties
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Heat Flow
Energy diagrams
Thermochemical equations
Heating/ Cooling curves
Specific Heat Capacity
Calorimetry
Hess's Law
Enthalpies of formation
Bond enthalpies
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Collision Theory
Rate Comparisons
Integrated Rate Law
Differential Rate Law
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Equilibrium
Equilibrium Expression
ICE Tables
Calculating K
K vs Q
Le Chatelier's Principle
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Definitions
Conjugate Acids & Base Pairs
Autoionization of water
pH Scale
Strong Acids/ Bases
Ka and Kb
Buffer
Titrations
Indicators
pH salts
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Entropy
Gibb's Free Energy
G and Temperature
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Oxidation numbers
Half Reactions
Balancing Redox reactions
Voltaic cells
Cell potential (standard conditions)
Cell potential (non-standard)
Electrolysis
Quantitative Electrochemistry
Paramagnetism and Diamagnetism
Related Examples and Practice Problems
Additional Worked Out Examples/ Practice
Identifying classification types: Differentiation between elements, compounds or mixtures and homogeneous and heterogenous mixtures
Separation techniques: Selected and explaining limitation of appropriate separation
Relating Properties to Composition: Predicting classification based on descriptive properties
and more …
Topic Summary & Highlights
and Help Videos
Core Concept
Paramagnetism: Imagine tiny atomic bar magnets. In paramagnetic materials, some electrons have unpaired spins (ms = +1/2 or -1/2). These unpaired spins act like miniature magnets, and when a magnetic field is applied, they tend to align with the field. This slight alignment creates a weak overall attraction, making the material weakly paramagnetic.
Key features:
Elements with unpaired electrons are likely to be paramagnetic.
Transition metals often exhibit paramagnetism due to unpaired electrons in their d orbitals.
The strength of paramagnetism depends on the number of unpaired electrons and the orbital they occupy.
Diamagnetism: On the other hand, diamagnetic materials have all their electrons paired (each with opposite spins). In a diamagnetic atom, the circulating electrons create tiny magnetic fields that oppose any external magnetic field. This opposition results in a weak repulsion force, making the material slightly diamagnetic.
Key features:
Elements with all electrons paired are likely to be diamagnetic.
Noble gas elements (Group 18) are classic examples of diamagnetic elements.
Diamagnetism is a weaker effect compared to paramagnetism.
Distinguishing Between the Two:
Experimental Technique: Scientists use a technique called magnetic susceptibility to measure how a material responds to a magnetic field. A positive susceptibility indicates paramagnetism, while a negative susceptibility suggests diamagnetism.
Beyond the Basics:
Ferromagnetism: This is a much stronger form of magnetism where the electron spins in a material are aligned even in the absence of an external field, creating a permanent magnet.
Antiferromagnetism: In some materials, neighboring electron spins are anti-aligned, cancelling out their magnetic effects, resulting in a material with no net magnetic moment.
Tips for Studying:
Use diagrams to visualize the electron spins and their alignment in paramagnetic and diamagnetic materials.
Relate paramagnetism and diamagnetism to electron configurations of elements.
Look for periodic trends in magnetic behavior across different groups of elements.
